ANNOTATED
LIST OF HAWAI'I'S BREEDING BIRDSANNOTATED
LIST OF HAWAI'I'S BREEDING BIRDS
The Annotated List of Hawai'i's Breeding Birds gives details of where to find all the regular Breeding Hawaiian
Species - Endemic, Indigenous and Introduced. All status notes at the head of each species refers to the species
breeding status, for example, Pied-billed Grebe has only nested on Hawai'i but is recorded occasionally on other
Islands as a migrant, thus its status is listed as resident on Hawai'i. All photographs
© by Christian Melgar, Jack Jeffrey and Jim Denny, unless otherwise stated. Some additional
information shown here supplied from the USFWS website. Also see the Annotated List of Hawai'i's Regular Non-Breeding Migrants and the Sightings Archive. Due to
the large amount of information this page may take a while to download completely.
The following Taxonomic List generally follows the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)
United States Bird Species List and incorporates changes made in the 42nd, 43rd and 44th Supplements to the Check-list,
as published in The Auk 117: 847-858 (2000); 119:897-906 (2002); 120:923-932 (2003). Alternative taxonomic orders
and nomenclature for most species occurring in Hawai'i can be found on the Avibase Website.
The following information is included for each species at the head of each account:
Species Status: E = Endemic; I = indigenous; * = Introduced.
Island Occurrence: Each Island is named individually.
Time of Occurrence: e.g. Migrant nester, Introduced Resident
Habitat Occurrence: e.g. Pelagic, Open Country, Upland Forest.
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| Hawaiian Crow ('Alala) - Corvus hawaiiensis Kaua'i 'Elepaio - Chasiempis sandwichensis sclateri O'ahu 'Elepaio - Chasiempis sandwichensis gayi Hawai'i 'Elepaio - Chasiempis sandwichensis sandwichensis Eurasian Sky Lark - Alauda arvensis Red-vented Bulbul - Pycnonotus cafer Red-whiskered Bulbul - Pycnonotus jocosu Japanese Bush-Warbler - Cettia diphone Nihoa Millerbird - Acrocephalus familiaris kingi White-rumped Shama - Copsychus malabaricus Oma`o - Myadestes obscurus Puaiohi - Myadestes palmeri Greater Necklaced Laughing-Thrush - Garrulax pectoralis Grey-sided Laughing-Thrush - Garrulax caerulatus Melodious Laughing-Thrush (Hwamei) - Garrulax canorus Red-billed Leiothrix - Leiothrix lutea Japanese White-eye - Zosterops japonica Northern Mockingbird - Mimus polyglottos Common Myna - Acridotheres tristis Yellow-faced Grassquit - Tiaris olivacea Saffron Finch - Sicalis flaveola Red-crested Cardinal - Paroaria coronata Yellow-billed Cardinal - Paroaria capitata Northern Cardinal - Cardinalis cardinalis Western Meadowlark - Sturnella neglecta House Finch - Carpodacus mexicanus Yellow-fronted Canary - Serinus mozambicus Common Canary - Serinus canaria Nihoa Finch - Telespiza ultima |
Laysan Finch - Telespiza cantans Palila - Loxioides bailleui Maui Parrotbill - Pseudonestor xanthophrys O`ahu `Amakihi - Hemignathus chloris Hawai'i `Amakihi - Hemignathus virens Kaua'i `Amakihi - Hemignathus kauaiensis `Anianiau - Hemignathus parvus `Akiapola`au - Hemignathus munroi `Akikiki (Kaua'i Creeper) - Oreomystis bairdi Hawai'i Creeper - Oreomystis mana O'ahu Creeper - Paroreomyza maculata Maui `Alauahio (Maui Creeper) - Paroreomyza montana Hawai'i `Akepa - Loxops coccineus coccineus `Akeke`e - Loxops caeruleirostris I`iwi - Vestiaria coccinea `Akohekohe - Palmaria dolei `Apapane - Himatone sanguinea Po`ouli - Melamprosops phaeosoma House Sparrow - Passer domesticus Red-cheeked Cordonbleu - Uraeginthus bengalus Lavender Waxbill - Estrilda caerulescans Orange-cheeked Waxbill - Estrilda melpoda Black-rumped Waxbill - Estrilda troglodytes Common Waxbill - Estrilda astrild Red Avadavat - Amandava amandava African Silverbill - Lonchura cantans Nutmeg Mannikin - Lonchura punctulata Chestnut Munia - Lonchura atricapilla Java Sparrow - Padda oryzivora |
Endemic Kaua'i; Maui; Hawai'i Resident Endemic Wetland; Open
Country Adults are medium-sized with a black
face, crown and rear neck. The cheeks and neck are yellowy-cream with distinct dark markings on the neck sides.
The upperparts are brown with pale feather edgings. Underparts are paler buff with distinct dark barring. The bill
and legs are dark. Juveniles are
similar to adults but less well marked. Chicks are gray and downy. (22-26 inches. Males slightly larger than females) Calls: Honking similar to Canada Goose but shorter and
deeper pitched. Also a low "nah" or "nay" quietly uttered. The Hawaiian name for this species is NENE, and comes from the species call. Fossil records show that the Hawaiian Goose used to live on all the main Hawaiian islands.
It is believed that they were abundant (about 25,000 birds) on the Big Island before the arrival of Captain James
Cook in 1778. Today, the Big Island is the only place where they are found naturally in the wild, although reintroduced
populations exist on Kaua'i and Maui. Scientists believe that the Maui population became extinct before 1890. The
State bird of Hawai'i, the Nene underwent a dramatic population crash, but through captive breeding programs and
predator control the species is doing well, although its long-term future is still not secure. Birds were re-introduced
to Maui and Kaua'i. Birds can be observed on Hawai'i, Maui and Kaua'i. On Hawai'i it can be found on Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea
and Hualalai Volcanoes as well as at Kilauea Crater in Volcanoes NP, and often found on Volcanoes Golf Course.
On Maui they are most easily observed at Haleakala, and can often be seen from the Visitor Center. Nene frequent scrubland, grassland, golf courses, sparsely vegetated slopes and on Kaua`i,
in open lowland country. The Nene's vegetarian diet consists of seeds of grasses and herbs as well as leaves, buds,
flowers and fruits of various plants. The Nene does not appear to need fresh water but will use it when available.
Although Nene are found mostly in the rugged lava fields of the Big Island, this is probably the only place they
have survived rather than their preferred habitat. The breeding season is from November to June. The decline in numbers was accelerated during the period of 1850 to 1900 due to aggressive
hunting of the birds and collecting of their eggs. In 1951, the Nene population was estimated at only 30 birds.
Their continued decline was attributed to the introduction of alien plants and animals. Approximately 500 Nene
exist in the wild today. Many public and private organizations have been actively operating and supporting propagation
programs to reestablish the Nene in the wild. The State of Hawai`i reintroduced them to Kilauea Point and Hakalau
Forest National Wildlife Refuges. The National Park Service has rearing programs at Hawai`i Volcanoes National
Park and Haleakala National Park. The Wildfowl Trust in England has also played a major role in the survival of
the Hawaiian Goose. The Hawaiian Goose was listed as an endangered species in 1967 under the Federal Endangered
Species Act. The Hawaiian Goose Recovery Plan was published in 1983. It outlines the essential elements to accomplish
a goal of establishing 2,000 geese on Hawai`i and 250 on Maui. These elements are to minimize the mortality rate
in the wild, continue release of captive-bred birds, and to protect and improve habitat where the Nene can maintain
their populations naturally. Link: Hawaiian Goose: Distribution, Population, History & Ancestry
Back to Species List
HAWAIIAN GOOSE (NENE) (Branta sandvicensis)
On Kaua'i birds
can be encountered almost anywhere. particularly favored sites include Kilauea
Point NWR, where up to 120 birds are present. Dusk during the Spring and Summer
here can reveal a flock feeding at the Lighthouse of up to 90 birds. During the day there are usually a few hanging
around the refuge and most visitors have at least one encounter with them at this site. Elsewhere birds are easily
seen at Kilauea Farms Ponds (East of Kilauea),
Kaua'i Lagoons, Koke'e
and a newly established group at Hanalei NWR. Birds from Kaua'i Lagoons Golf Course often fly to Kipu Kai, a private land area on South Kaua'i, where up to 200 birds live and although the area is not
open to the public, birds can often be seen flying over Huleia NWR and the Hokulei Peak in the Hoary Head Mountain
Range, South of Lihue. Present all year, but more elusive in the winter months when birds have goslings.
 HAWAIIAN DUCK (KOLOA MAOLI) (Anas wyvilliana)Endemic Kaua'i; O'ahu; Hawai'i Resident Endemic Wetland;Upland Forest and Lowland Forest streams Males are brown overall with various subtle shades of black and buff and resemble female Mallards. They have darker heads and tails than females in general and sometimes show a green sheen on the head. Females are similar to males but even less well-marked. Both sexes exhibit a blue-green speculum bordered by white on both sides. The feet and legs are orange. Bills are brown or greeny, with males having brighter colored bills. Some males show black undertail coverts. Juveniles are similar to adults but less marked. Chicks are yellow and black/brown. (male 19 inches, female 17 inches) Calls: Mallard-like quack but softer. The Hawaiian name is KOLOA MAOLI and means "native duck".  The Hawaiian Duck is most easily seen on Kaua'i, although small numbers are found on O'ahu and The Big Island. On O'ahu many birds are hybrids with feral Mallards, but "pure" birds can be seen at and near James Campbell NWR and Pearl Harbor NWR. On Hawai'i they are usually encountered on ponds in ranch land, rather than coastal ponds. the ponds near Haleakala NWR usually have a few present. On Kaua'i the species can be seen on almost any body of water, especially in the evenings when birds fly down from the mountain streams to feed in the lower elevation areas. Particularly good spots to see this speci  es are Hanalei NWR, Huleia NWR, Wailua Reservoir,
the Koloa Reservoirs (near Koloa Town) and the
wetlands of the Mana Plain still hold small numbers.
The population at Hanalei NWR fluctuates according to the season and weather, but remains the easiest place to
see them on Kaua'i, with up to 300 birds sometimes present. Birds are also frequently seen in the mountainous river
valleys in the interior of the island, and have been recorded way up in the Alakai Swamp. Easily seen all year-round.Koloa eat mollusks, insects, and freshwater vegetation. They can begin breeding at one year old and nest year-round, but the main breeding season is between January and May. Two to ten eggs are laid in a well concealed nest lined with down and feathers. The incubation period is 30 days. Because their nests are established on the ground, they are highly vulnerable to mongoose, pig, and dog attacks. The chicks are sometimes eaten by bullfrogs and bass. The primary cause for the historical decline in numbers is loss of wetland habitat and hunting. Other factors include predation by introduced animals (e.g., rats, dogs, cats), hybridization (mating with other duck species), invasion of wetlands by alien plants, disease, and sometimes environmental contamination. A Koloa restoration program was initiated in 1962 by the World Wildlife Fund and the State through the Federal Aid to Wildlife Restoration Act. By 1979, 350 Hawaiian ducks had been released on O`ahu and Hawai`i as part of this program. Current estimated populations are 2,000 Koloa on Kaua`i-Ni`ihau, 300 on O`ahu, 25 on Maui, and 200 on the Big Island. Captive propagation and release programs have partly been successful at re-establishing Koloa populations on O`ahu and the Big Island. State waterbird surveys show the three island populations to be maintained at a steady level, but the species is still vulnerable due to hybridization. State and Federal efforts in protecting wetlands, enforcing strict hunting laws, educating, and working with private organizations and landowners play an important role in ensuring the livelihood of the Koloa and many other waterbirds. The Hawaiian Duck was listed as an endangered species in 1967 under the Federal Endangered Species Act. Link: Hawaiian Duck Link: Hawaiian Duck: Distribution and Population Status |
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Endemic NW Chain Resident Endemic Coastal; Wetland Males are dark brown with a white patch around the eye, blackish head and occasionally a green sheen. The bill is blue-green and shows some black spots on the upper mandible. Females are similar but exhibit more white on the face and a duller brown-yellow bill. Both sexes have orange legs and a bright green-blue speculum. Chicks are brown with buff markings. (17 inches) Calls: Males squeak and whistle, females quack like Mallard. Although unlikely to be seen by many people this species is included for completeness. Found now only on the Island of Laysan in the NW Chain, this was once the most widespread duck in Hawai'i. the population is currently estimated at c. 500 birds. They spend their whole lives on the Island, centered mainly around the saline lagoon feeding on insect larvae and brine flies. Before the breeding season (February through August), one can observe ducks running on the mudflats of Laysan to snap flies from the disturbed cloud of insects. Nests are built on the ground under thick vegetation where four to six pale ivory eggs are laid. Humans came to Laysan in the 1890s to mine guano, killing 300,000 seabirds in six months and eventually eliminating three endemic landbirds (Laysan Rail, Laysan Honeycreeper, and the Laysan Millerbird). The Laysan Duck was hunted for sport and for food. Humans also introduced rabbits that devastated the vegetation, turning the island into a desert-like terrain. The Laysan Duck was very close to extinction with the lowest recorded number of 11 in 1911. In 1993, an alarming population decline on Laysan Island occurred due to drought conditions during El Nino and introduced insects reducing the duck's food source. Numbering about 300 today, they are at high risk of extinction due to severe weather, disease, accidental introductions, and habitat degradation. The Laysan Duck was listed as an endangered species in 1967 under the Federal Endangered Species Act. Laysan Island is part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge created in 1909 and has very restricted public access. The island is also designated as a Research Natural Area where state and federal biologists work closely together to ensure the well being of the island ecosystem. The Laysan Duck Recovery Plan was published in 1982. In the fall of 2004 20 Laysan Duck were translocated successfully to Midway Atoll to provide a secondary population. The species has a quite remarkable life history, which can be read in the Articles on Hawai'i Birds and Birdwatching section. Link: Laysan Duck |
Back to Species List
CHUKAR (Alectoris chukar)
*Introduced
Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i
Introduced Resident
Open Country
Sexes alike. Pale gray and brown
above and below with distinct black and white flank barring. Black face line runs from upper mandible around cheek
and joins on breast. Pale cheeks and throat. red bill and legs. (14 inches) Calls:
Loud repeated "chukk". Female also clucks like a chicken.
This introduced Asian and European bird is found on all the Main
Islands but is only common on Hawai'i, Maui and Lana'i. On O'ahu and Kaua'i it
is decidedly scarce. On Maui it is easily seen
at Haleakala NP, especially near the road from
the Visitor Center to the summit, although they are also frequently seen further down towards Hosmer Grove. On
Hawai'i it can be seen in many areas where there
is suitable habitat, such as the Waimea Plains,
but is easily overlooked or may not be present even though the habitat appears suitable. On O'ahu the species is only found in the Waianae Mountains. On Kaua'i it is extremely elusive,
but the most likely locations are Waimea Canyon, Polihale and
sugar cane fields near Kekaha. An introduced resident
likely to be seen at any time of the year.
Back to Species List
GREY FRANCOLIN (Francolinus
pondicerianus)
*Introduced
Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i
Introduced Resident
Open Country
Sexes alike. Brown plumage with
barring across back and wings, fine barring below. Throat is buff. Tail is rusty/rufous. Brownish legs. (12 inches)
Calls: Repeated and piercing
"titur-titur".
The Grey Francolin of Asia is found on all the Main
Islands, but is regularly seen only on Maui and Hawai'i. On O'ahu they are most readily seen on the slopes of Diamond Head.
On Maui they are common in lowland areas and can
often be seen on watered lawns in the Kihea area. On the Big Island they can be seen in widespread areas from sea level up to Mauna
Loa, and frequently feed along road edges and in the evenings especially can be
seen near watered areas such as golf courses and estate lawns. On Kaua'i the species is very scarce with few recent records, the best places to look would be the West
end of the island, from Polihale up to Kokee and in Waimea Canyon. Likely to be seen at any time of the year.
 BLACK FRANCOLIN (Francolinus
francolinus) *Introduced Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; Moloka'i; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country; Lowland Forest Male is black below with variable amounts of chestnut sheen and white spotting on lower belly and undertail. Above is dark with white spots. Head shows a large white rear cheek patch. Bill is dark. Female is brown with rusty orange nape. (13 inches) Calls: Series of metallic buzzes and insect-like rasps. This Asian gamebird is found on all the Main Islands except O'ahu and Lana'i. On Kaua'i they are most easily observed near Kekaha, Waimea, Barking Sands and Polihale where they can often be seen right by the road. Birds are occasionally seen elsewhere on the Island, with records from as far North as Kilauea. On the Big Island they are regularly found in the South Kohala region and on Maui can be seen near Pukalani. Birds may be present in any dry area habitat with scrub on these Islands but can remain elusive for long periods, often being heard and not seen. Seen all year-round. |
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ERCKEL'S FRANCOLIN
(Francolinus erckelli)
*Introduced
Kaua'i; O'ahu; Lana'i; Hawai'i
Introduced Resident
Open Country
Sexes alike. Brown overall coloration
with black and white streaks above and below. Chestnut cap and white throat. Legs pale. (16 inches) Calls: Male gives a loud, far-carrying series
of laughing cackles.
This East African species is common on Kaua'i, O'ahu,
Hawai'i and Lana'i.
On the Big Island they are frequently seen in
North Kona, South
Kohala and along the Saddle Road. On Kaua'i they are most easily
seen on the road from Waimea and Kekaha to Kokee State Park, often feeding along the edge of the road, especially near the bottom. Birds can also be seen
at Polihale and near Barking
Sands. Locations where the habitat is dry with nearby wooded areas are favored
haunts of Erckel's Francolins. Observed year-round.
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FRANCOLIN (Francolinus adspersus) *Introduced Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country Sexes alike. Pale brown overall with some streaks above and finely barred underparts. Shows a yellow eye-patch and red bill and legs. (15 inches) Calls: Cackles and rasps. This Asian species is present in small numbers on the South side of the Big Island. Birds have been reported from The Chain of Craters Road in Volcano National Park , between Kilauea Caldera and the end of the road to the South and the Ainahou area, but sightings are few and far between. Sometimes called Close-barred Francolin. Present All Year. |
 JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix japonica)
*Introduced Kaua'i; O'ahu; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country Tiny size. Male is brown and buff with pale unmarked belly and streaked breast, back and flanks. Black throat and pale supercilium. Female similar to male but pale throat and less marked breast. (7.5 inches) Calls: A sneeze-like "whicka- wheer", similar to other small Quail species. This Japanese and Asian species is present on several of the Main Islands but is regularly seen only on Kaua'i, and occasionally on the Big Island. On Hawai'i they are sometimes seen near Hakalau Forest NWR, Pu'u La'au road area, along the Saddle Road between Waiki'i Ranch and the top of the hill to the east of the ranch, but west of the entrance to Pu'u La'au Road. They are present on Kaua'i on the North Shore from Anahola to Hanalei. Reliable sites in the past have been the sub-divisions between Anahola and Kilauea, the Polo ground at Anini Beach and recently at Hanalei NWR, although it is unlikely that a sighting will be made from the public areas at this latter site. As the species prefers habitat with short grass any area with this type of habitat on the North Shore may have some birds, however, due to the birds small size and their elusiveness birds may not be seen despite being present. Birds in the Anahola area often fairly easy to see on the ground, whereas most other locations require a "walk through" to flush them. The population of this Quail might be expected to increase in the next few years as the North Shore of Kaua'i is developed and more suitable meadows and lawns are created. A resident species likely to be encountered at any time of the year. |
 RED JUNGLEFOWL (Gallus
gallus) *Introduced Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; reintroduced O'ahu, and on other islands in smaller numbers. Introduced Resident Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland Forest; Urban Male is like a domestic cockerel with iridescent golden plumage on the back and underparts and a large green-black tail. Red wattles on head and green sheen to darker areas of plumage. Female is brown or buff with some streaking. (Male 30 inches, female 17 inches) Calls: Like domestic chicken calls and crows. Known as MOA in Hawaiian and is named after the Maori word for a large flightless bird in New Zealand and was presumably adopted by the Polynesians. This is the "original chicken" of Asia brought to Hawaii by the Polynesians and the very distant ancestors of these birds roam free on Kaua'i today. Although Junglefowl-type birds can be seen in almost any location, to see "pure and countable" birds a visit to Koke'e or the higher elevations forests is recommended. At Koke'e State Park birds are usually numerous by the Museum, awaiting handouts from tourists, although the pureness of these birds appears to have been greatly diluted in recent years and it may be that a re-appraisal of the species status is needed. Birds seen further into the forest in Koke'e and Waimea Canyon may be a little more "wild" and perhaps more countable. The birds in lowland Kauai, of which some appear to be pure birds are hard to miss, a statement borne out by the number of birds seen squashed on the road! Today the birds that roam O'ahu and other islands in the chain are probably as countable as most of the Kaua'i birds, however, these birds are almost entirely purely introduced chicken-type birds, rather than Junglefowl-type birds and it seems unlikley that any genes would be present to tie these individuals with original Junglefowl, which may be the case with the Kaua'i birds - perhaps a case study could clarify the situation? Present all year. |
 KALIJ PHEASANT (Lophura
leucomelana) *Introduced Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland Forest Male is metallic blue-black with white barring on back and rump and gray feathering on breast. Red face. Tail is made of many feathers in a bushy "v" shape. Females are mottled with light and dark brown. More limited red face. (33 inches) Calls: Male utters a crowing call and during courtship a pig-like squeal. Found only on the Big Island this Himalayan species is increasing its range and can be easily seen in Volcanoes National Park and in forested areas near Hakalau NWR. The birds like forested areas with open rides, a particularly favored site is the Bird trail in Volcanoes NP as well as Mauna Loa Road. Birds have recently been seen nearer the coast too, on the Western and South-western sides of the Island. Present all year. |
 RING-NECKED PHEASANT (Phasianus colchicus) *Introduced Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Wetland; Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland Forest Male is chestnut all over marked with black spots. Long brown/chestnut tail. Head is green with red facial wattles and a broad white neck ring. Females are brown and streaked. (Male 33 inches, female 23 inches) Calls: Male gives a crowing "kok, kok, kok" usually given in a series of notes. The familiar Ring-necked Pheasant of Asia is found on all the Main Islands and can be seen in a wide variety of habitats such as wetlands, forests, dry grassland and sugar cane fields. Although not always easy to see, searching in these suitable areas will usually produce a sighting. Present all year. The GREEN PHEASANT (Phasianus colchicus versicolor)* has at various times be  en treated as a full species, distinct from Ring-necked Pheasant, and is included here for completeness,
although there seems to be little to warrant specific status. It is an Introduced
Resident and individuals
can be observed on the slopes of Mauna Loa and
Mauna Kea on the Big
Island. Deliberate releases are likely to be encountered on other islands in the
future too. The Male is green below and green-brown
above and lacks a white collar. The Female is very similar to the female Ring-necked Pheasant. (Male
33 inches, female 23 inches). Calls: Same as Ring-necked Pheasant.Other birds encountered which appear very dark are "melanistic mutant Pheasant" from a different province in China than the ring-neck. They are considered a sub-species and will interbreed with the ring neck (Patrick Fisher, Parker Ranch Biologist). |
 COMMON
PEAFOWL (Pavo cristatus) *Introduced Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country; Lowland Forest Male is unmistakable with blue-green iridescent plumage and long flowing tail with "eye spots" at the tips. Female is dark above and pale below and has a short crest. (Male 100 inches with tail, female 30 inches) Calls: Call is a loud "kee-ah" with a cat-like quality. The best place to see this Indian species in Hawai'i is on the Big Island, where birds can often be seen from the roads to the East of Kona. They frequent pastures along the road and can often be seen standing on dry stone walls. Their cries are often the first sign of their presence. Birds are present on other Islands too, but are usually presumed to be non self-supporting or may be feral birds. On O'ahu birds are commonly seen in the Waianae Mountains, with Makaha Valley and Kaneaki Heiau area holding a large population (3000 individuals estimated in the early 1990's!). On Kaua'i birds are sometimes seen on the road to Wailua Reservoir and at Smith's Tropical Paradise, the latter are captive/feral and the former are probably feral. Also on Kaua'i a group is present on a private ranch in the South of the Island and young are born naturally every year, and this may become a countable fully self-supporting population in the future (if it is not already). In late 2002 two birds were recorded on Maui in the South Kihei area, but it seems likely that these were simply wandering captive/feral birds as the species is not known to be present on the Island in a "wild state". Present all year. |
 WILD TURKEY ( Meleagris gallopavo) *Introduced Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country; Lowland Forest Male is brown, black and gray plumaged with a broad tail and long neck. Head has no feathering and a large naked wattle is present on the face. Females are smaller but similar. Some male birds are very large and more impressive and are of a form sometimes known as "Rio Grande" Turkey. (Male 48 inches, Female 36 inches) Calls: Gobbles in a low tone as well as a sharp "pit". In flocks utters a loud "keow" call. This North American species is present on the Big Island in good numbers and can usually be easily seen along the roads from Kona to the Saddle Highway. The roads near Puu Laau, the Northern end of the Saddle Highway and Mauna Kea Road are all reliable sites. Birds are particularly approachable in the early morning or late evening, when small groups can be seen quietly feeding along the grassy verges. On Moloka'i and Lana'i large numbers can be found throughout the Islands in suitable habitat, and in fact by 2002 the turkeys on Lana'i had apparently reached nuisance status on the resorts and golf courses, and large numbers were being removed, although birds can still be found in many areas, even by beaches such as Shipwreck Beach. Turkeys were the second bird introduced to Hawaii (after Red Junglefowl) and they profited from the same kapu that enabled feral cattle to gain a foothold in the early 19th Century and were also brought by Captain Vancouver as a gift to Kamehameha I. The original stock would have been domestic, with white tail tips, descended from M. g. merriami from Mexico. In recent times, the state has released turkeys of the northeastern subspecies with chestnut tail tips. Nowadays, most Hawaiian turkeys are a subspecific amalgam with intermediate tips to the tail feathers. Present all year. |
 CALIFORNIA QUAIL (Callipepla
californica) *Introduced Kaua'i?; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country; Upland Forest Male is gray-brown with white streaks on the flanks and a scaled or spotted lower breast and belly. The face is black with a white supercilium and face surround and there is a drooping head "top-knot" from the forehead. Female is similar but duller and with a smaller head plume. Juvenile like adult but less marked and short plume. (10 inches) Calls: Tri-syllabic call, sometimes said to resemble "Chi-ca-go". Also a soft "pit". Although present on several of the Main Islands (excluding O'ahu) the most reliable sites to see this North American species are on the Big Island. Birds are quite easily seen in Volcanoes National Park, along Mauna Loa Road and at Volcanoes Golf Course. The approach roads to Hakalau NWR are also a reliable site, with birds often being seen along the road edges, upon flushing they will often fly into a nearby tree or bush. On Kaua'i the species is extremely elusive in the Waimea Canyon and Koke'e regions, but sightings are few and far between. A resident species seen all year-round. |
| GAMBEL'S QUAIL (Callipepepla gambelli) *Introduced Lana'i; Kaho'olawe; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country; Lowland Forest Very similar to California Quail but much paler. Males have an unscaled belly and exhibit a black belly patch. The crown is cinnamon colored. Females are similar to female California Quail but paler. Juveniles are similar to adults but less well marked and with a short plume. (11 inches) Calls: Similar to California Quail. This North American species is seen irregularly in mixed flocks with California Quail on the Big Island and is best looked for on Mauna Kea and in the Hakalau NWR Forest area, but it is always very local and hard to find. Puu Laau is also a site where birds have been sighted. Birds have also been sighted at Keanakolu Road and nearby in the Pohakuloa military facility area: in September 2003 birds were seen at the Pohakuloa Unit of Mauna Kea State Park. They are established on Kaho'olawe, which is at present not open to the public and on Lana'i. Thorough searching through flocks of California Quail is the best chance to see this species in Hawai'i. Resident but local, likely to be found at any time of year. |
 PIED-BILLED
GREBE (Podilymbus podiceps) Indigenous and Winter visitor Hawai'i Resident Wetland Male and Female similar. Adult is brown-gray with a deep-based short bill which is pale in color and a dark band in summer plumage. Also during the summer the species exhibits a black throat. The undertail coverts are white. Juveniles have streaked heads and necks. (13 inches). Calls: A variety of cackling or hooting notes. Also sounds like a distant barking dog. This North American species started breeding at Aimakapa Pond, on the Kona side of the Big Island in 1985. This recent colonist's numbers appear to have peaked and the population has dwindled to just a few birds and it is unclear whether the species will survive as a breeding Hawaiian bird, as of 2001 no birds are known to be nesting at Aimakapa. Individuals are occasionally seen on other islands, such as at Hanalei NWR on Kaua'i, but it may be that these birds are vagrants from the U.S. mainland, rather than wandering birds from Aimakapa. The future outcome of the Kona population is being closely monitored, as the Pied-billed Grebe is one of only two natural colonists in modern times in Hawai'i (excluding seabirds). Birds were usually present at Aimakapa all year round, but are very occasional now. Vagrant birds are most likely in fall or Winter, as are wandering birds. |
 LAYSAN
ALBATROSS (Diomedia immutabilis) Indigenous NW Chain; Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Pelagics Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal Adults are white below with a black upperwing surface. The tail is white with a black terminal band. The eye has a dark surround and the face has a dusky wash on the cheeks. The bill and legs are pinky-yellow. Juveniles are very hard to tell apart from adults but in some the eyebrow is less pronounced. Chicks are downy and grey. (31-32 inches, wingspan 80 inches) Calls: Calls like Black-footed Albatross but are less harsh. The Hawaiian name is MOLI and is derived from the name given to a bone tattoo needle used by the ancient Hawaiians which was made from the bone of an Albatross.  This is the species of Albatross
most likely to be encountered in Hawai'i and the North Pacific. Although hundreds of thousands of birds breed in
the NW Chain, including Midway, there are several
small colonies in the Main Islands. On Kaua'i
the species can best be seen at Kilauea Point NWR,
Barking Sands and headlands on the North Shore. Princeville often has a few nesting pairs, especially around the
main green, opposite the Golf Course. At sea birds may be encountered from any of the headlands, but are more commonly
seen from the North and West shores. On O'ahu a
couple of pairs usually attempt to nest at Ka'ena Point,
although there is frequently disturbance at this site. Occasionally pairs will also nest on some of the islands
on the Eastern side of O'ahu. Pelagics are again usually a good way to see this species, especially near to Kaua'i.
Best time to observe this species is November to August, although earlier in the season birds are more predictable,
as they are still sitting on eggs, later when the chicks hatch it can be up to two weeks between visits by the
parents. A few nest on the northern end Ni'ihau.
Occasionally hybrids between Black-footed Albatross and Laysan Albatross are recorded and these can vary greatly
in their plumage and can sometimes be hard to identify to species. Right: Variant Laysan Albatross on Midway Atoll, Fall/Winter 2001. © Christie Donnelly 2001. The dark pigment usually seen in the upperpart feathers of Laysan Albatross have been replaced here with silvery-grey feathers. Normal plumaged birds can be seen in the background.  Right: Albino
Laysan Albatross chick, Midway Atoll, Fall/Winter 2001. © Christie Donnelly
2001.This downy chick shows completely white plumage and the typical pink bare parts (bill, legs and eye) of albino individuals. Link: The Albatross Project Link: Save the Albatross campaign Link: Laysan Albatross |
 BLACK-FOOTED ALBATROSS (Diomedia nigripes)
Indigenous NW Chain; Ni'ihau; Pelagics Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal Adults are sooty brown in color with variable amounts of white at the bill base and tail base. Bill and legs are grey-black. Juveniles lack the white markings of adults. Chicks are downy and dark brown. (27-29 inches, wingspan 76-84 inches) Calls: Whistles, whines, whinnies and moaning. Also bill clapping. The Hawaiian name for the species is KA'UPU. The Black-footed Albatross of the North Pacific is a fairly common nester in the NW Hawaiian Islands and can easily be observed at Midway.In the Main Islands the best chance of seeing this species is probably from Kaua'i. Seawatching from any prominent headland in favorable wind conditions might produce this species. Ha'ena Point, Kilauea Point, Nawiliwili and Polihale are all good spots with records from all these locations. Occasionally a bird will come to land at such spots as Kilauea Point or Barking Sands, but usually do not stay for long. A greater chance for seeing this species would be from a pelagic trip, with birds frequently being seen between Kaua'i and Ni'ihau, up to 50 pairs breed on Lehua Rock just NE of Ni'ihau. Elsewhere in the Main Islands the species is rare. Best time to observe this species is November to May in the NW Chain and February to August from the Main islands. Occasionally hybrids between Black-footed Albatross and Laysan Albatross are recorded and these can vary greatly in their plumage and can sometimes be hard to identify to species. Link: Save the Albatross campaign Link: Black-footed Albatross Article |
 SHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS (Diomedia albatrus)Winter visitor Winter Pelagic/Coastal Adults are large with white underparts and back and black and white upperwings. The tail is white with a narrow black terminal band. The head is golden washed and the bill is pink. Sub-adults are blotchy and have brown hindnecks and wings. Juveniles are all-dark with pink bill and legs. (36 inches, wingspan 82 inches) Calls: Like other Albatross makes whinnying and moaning noises at nesting grounds. The second rarest Albatross in the World is a regular but extremely rare visitor in the winter months to Midway Atoll in the North West Chain and between one and three birds are usually present between November and March, although their visits can be erratic. Although birds have been sighted at sea on numerous occasions off North America and Alaska, there is only one modern-day record from the Main Hawaiian Islands, one seen at Barking Sands, Kaua'i in March 2000. Midway remains only one of three regularly occurring places where this species can be seen, the other being its Japanese nesting grounds at Tori-shima Island and Minami-kojima, although public access to these Japanese sites is nearly impossible. In early 2002 a pair were seen incubating an egg at Midway Atoll. Link: Short-tailed Albatross Link: Short-tailed Albatross Link: Short-tailed Albatross: Information and Recent Sightings in North Pacific Link: Short-tailed Albatross History |
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Endemic Kaua'i; Maui; Hawai'i; Pelagics Endemic Migrant Pelagic/Coastal Adults are white below and dark gray-black above with pale gray breast sides. The back is slightly paler than the upperwings and the forehead is white. The tail is wedged-shaped and dark except for a narrow white base. The feet are usually pinky colored. The "tubed" bill is dark and strongly hooked. Chicks are gray and downy. (16 inches, wingspan 36inches) Calls: A repeated moaning "oo-a-oo". At the nest birds also make barking noises, yaps and squeals. The Hawaiian name is 'UA'U and is derived from the calls and noises the birds make on their nesting grounds. This endemic Pterodroma Petrel nests on Kaua'i, Maui and Hawai'i and Moloka'i. The Dark-rumped Petrel is a bird of the open Pacific seas and has a high and steep flight pattern. Adults feed on squid, fish, and crustaceans and pass food to chicks by regurgitation. Breeding season is from March to October, during which time they nest in some of the main Hawaiian Islands. They nest in burrows along large rock outcrops, under cinder cones, or under old lichen-covered lava at elevations above 7,200 feet. The burrows are generally three to six feet long (from entrance to nest chamber), although some may be as long as 15 feet. One white egg is laid deep within the burrows.
On Hawai'i they are best seen at higher elevation on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, rather than coming in off the sea. Pelagics off the Main Islands frequently turn up Hawai'ian Petrels and they are particularly prominent off Kaua'i. Threats to this endangered seabird include predation by introduced mammals, development, ocean pollution, and disturbance of their breeding grounds. The petrel does not have any natural defenses against predators such as rats, feral cats, and mongooses, and their burrows are very vulnerable. The Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel and Newell’s Shearwater Recovery Plan was published in 1983. The `Ua`u was listed as an endangered species on March 11, 1967. Formerly considered conspecific with the Galapagos Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia) and known as Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis), but given specific status in 2001. At present however there seems no way of telling the two species apart at sea, although it is unlikely that Galapagos Petrel would be found near the Hawaiian Islands. Link: Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel Link: Hawaiian Petrel: Distribution, Population and Species Status |
 BONIN
PETREL (Pterodroma hypoleuca) Indigenous NW Chain Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal Adults have white underparts except for a gray half-collar which extends from the dark upperparts. The underwings are white with dark edges and a black wrist mark. An obvious "M" pattern can be seen on the upperparts in flight. The tail is dark with white undertail coverts. Chicks are gray and downy. (12 inches, wingspan 31 inches) Calls: Moans, squeals and a loud chatter at nesting sites. This species breeds on islands in the NW Chain, such as Midway and can be observed there whilst nesting, around Christmas time. They are sometimes seen from Pelagics in the North West Chain but are rare in waters around the Main Islands. Probably the most likely sites in the Main Islands would be from Kaua'i's South and West shores. A lucky pelagic around Kaua'i or Ni'ihau might also turn up this species. The best time to look for Bonin Petrels away from the nesting colonies would be in the Fall and Spring. |
 BULWER'S PETREL (Bulweria
bulwerii) Indigenous NW Chain; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Maui; Pelagics Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal Adults are small and all dark, sooty-brown with a long tail which appears tapered in flight. The upperwing surface exhibits a distinctive lighter brown band. Chicks are sooty brown. (11 inches, wingspan 23 inches) Calls: A raspy dog-like yapping at the nest site. Also sometimes a moaning. Hawaiian name is 'OU, and probably derives from the birds mating calls. This species is most easily observed in the NW Hawaiian Islands, such as Midway, but also nests on rocky islands off the Main Islands. The species certainly nested on Moku'ae'ae Island, off from Kilauea Point NWR in 1998, as nests with eggs were found, unfortunately at least five birds were killed by Owls that year and the species has not been seen there since. Birds nest on some of the islands on the East side of O'ahu, such as Moku Manu and Manana and from Maui on Molokini, but are extremely difficult to observe as they rarely come in sight of land before dark. Apart from a trip to Midway the best chance of seeing this species is on a pelagic, sightings are regular off the Big Island, perhaps indicating an unknown colony, as well as from Kaua'i. The species nests almost certainly on Lehua Rock, Ni'ihau and a trip from Kaua'i to Ni'ihau will probably turn up one or two individuals. From land the South and West shores of Kauai and South side of Maui are the most likely spots. In the NW Chain the winter months are best and Spring and Fall are the best months for sightings in the Main Islands. |
 WEDGE-TAILED SHEARWATER (Puffinus pacificus)Indigenous NW Chain; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Maui; Pelagics Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal Adult: A large shearwater which has two distinct adult color phases, one is pale off-white below and dark brown above and the second is dark all over. The darkness of the plumage varies greatly and it can sometimes be more difficult to identify the species from others. The back usually exhibits pale edging to the feathers. The tail is wedge-shaped and this can easily be seen when spread. Chicks are pale gray and downy. The pale phase far outnumbers the darker phase. Leisurely flight. (17 inches, wingspan 38 inches) Calls: Moans and groans and wheezes and wails on the nesting sites and is sometimes alikened to a baby crying. The Hawaiian name is 'UA'U KANI and is derived from the calls that the species makes on the breeding grounds "oo-ah-ooh", and kani means to "cry out".  The Wedge-tailed Shearwater
is the most common Shearwater in Hawaiian waters, and between March and November can be easily seen from shore
from most of the Main Islands as well as in the
NW Chain. Birds gathering offshore just before
dark can number many thousands of birds, with well over 10,000 being recorded regularly from Kaua'i, although it
would appear that many of these must either be non-breeders or visitors from colonies further afield. In the Main
Islands the best location to see the species is at Kilauea Point NWR on Kaua'i. Here the birds can
be seen just a few feet away from the paths, and often in the full open. Adults arrive in early March and numbers
increase before a pre-breeding exodus of about two weeks, after this time thousands of birds return just before
dark and their loud moaning and groaning noises, likened to a crying baby, can be heard all around. Once the chicks
are hatched the adults continue to feed them until late October/early November every couple of days, until the
chicks leave the nest at this time. In the fall birds are sometimes picked up on coastal roads and released, although
as would be expected of a coastal nester, the number of birds picked up is less than the number of Newell's Shearwater.
Other colonies exist on Kaua'i, but are severely threatened and so the areas are not disclosed here. Dogs, cats
and rats are a major threat to this burrow nesting species on Kaua'i, as well as Barn Owls.On the other islands birds nest on rocky islets offshore, as well as several areas on the Main Islands themselves. On the remaining Main Islands the Shearwaters also have to contend with Mongoose and so as birds are easily observed from land around the Islands, these sites are also not disclosed, as human visitation to these sites may encourage mongoose to seek out the colonies even more than they do now. Any prominent Point in Hawai'i should reveal Wedge-tails offshore, but certainly Kilauea Point is the place to go for a close encounter with one! On pelagic birding this is most likely to be the most common species encountered, and it is not infrequent to see "bird piles" of thousands of these birds on such a trip, often in large rafts on the water's surface. |
 NEWELL'S
SHEARWATER (Puffinus newelli)Endemic Kaua'i; O'ahu; Hawai'i; Pelagics Endemic Migrant Pelagic/Coastal; Upland Forest Adults are black above and pure white below with the white underparts extending onto the rump sides, which is often visible from above on flying birds. Rapid wingbeats in flight alternated with short glides. Chicks are gray. Calls: On the nesting colony various jackass-like braying, wailing and crow-like calls. Also a repeated "ah-oh". Unmistakable. The Hawaiian name is 'A'O and is derived from its calls, which sounds like a braying donkey gone mad! This species was once considered a race of the Townsend's Shearwater, but is now treated as a Hawaiian endemic. Newell's are most easily seen on Kaua'i, although smaller colonies exist on Oahu and possibly Moloka'i and Maui. They are smaller than Wedge-tails and have a Black and White appearance, as opposed to Brown and White or all Brown of the former. The Newell’s Shearwater or `A`o is a bird of the open tropical seas and offshore waters near breeding grounds. During their nine-month breeding season from April through November, `A`o live in burrows under ferns on forested mountain slopes. These burrows are used year after year and usually by the same pair of birds. Although the `A`o is capable of climbing shrubs and trees before taking flight, it needs an open downhill flight path through which it can become airborne. The `A`o primarily feeds on squid. The Newell’s Shearwater was once abundant on all main Hawaiian islands. Today, they only nest in the mountainous terrain between 500 to 2,300 feet on Kaua`i, and probably O'ahu and Hawai'i. Newell's Shearwaters nest high in the mountains like Hawaiian Petrel, although usually at slightly lower elevations, but as with that species it is very hard to witness birds on the nesting ground and the best way to see the species is to watch the sea from a prominent headland. On Kaua'i they can easily be seen, flying low and fast across the water, from Kealia Beach, Wailua Beach, Nawiliwili, Makahuena Point, Polihale and Kilauea Point, it is worth remembering though that at the last site the viewing is hard, as birds stay close to the water and the viewing after hours from here is rather distant. However, having said that Kilauea Point is the best place to hear them!!  After dark between April and
September at least two Newell's Shearwaters can be regularly heard from the overlook at the end of Lighthouse Road
at Kilauea Point at the entrance to the refuge. The strange donkey-like braying and groans coming from above are
being delivered by birds that were released here several years ago in an attempt to provide a new colony of birds.
Every year (so far) two pairs have returned, and although nesting and egg laying has been recorded no confirmed
fledging has taken place. If there is a full moon it may be possible to get the odd flash of a bird as it flies
maniacally around the refuge. It is worth noting that flashlights should not be used to try and see the birds here
as it can disorientate the birds.This seabird was reported to be in danger of extinction by the 1930s. The introduction of the mongoose, black rat, and Norway rat may have played a primary role in the reduction of ground nesting seabirds such as the `A`o and the `Ua`u (Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel). A second threat to the `A`o is its attraction to light. Increasing urbanization and the accompanying manmade lighting have resulted in substantial problems for fledgling shearwaters during their first flight to the ocean from their nesting grounds. When attracted to manmade lights, fledglings become confused and may suffer temporary night blindness. They often fly into utility wires, poles, trees, and buildings and fall to the ground. Between 1978 and 1981, more than 5,000 Newell’s Shearwaters fell on Kaua`i’s highways, athletic fields, and hotel grounds. Predator control in key habitat areas, the establishment of Bird Salvage-Aid Stations, nest translocation, and light attraction studies have been initiated to help save the Newell’s Shearwater. Outreach to Kaua`i’s local community has resulted in people picking up and bringing them to aid stations for care and release, giving the seabirds a chance to live. If you find a stranded bird it should be taken to the nearest fire station, where it will be collected and released. The Newell’s Shearwater was listed as an threatened species by the Fish and Wildlife Service in 1975. The Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel and Newell’s Shearwater Recovery Plan was published in 1983. Link: Newell's Shearwater Link: Newell's Shearwater: Distribution and Population Status |
 CHRISTMAS SHEARWATER
(Puffinus nativitatus) Indigenous NW Chain; O'ahu; Pelagics Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal Adults of this species are all-dark and smaller than Wedge-tailed Shearwater. The tail is quite short and rounded helping in identification. The chicks are black. (15 inches, wingspan 32 inches) Calls: Similar to Wedge-tailed Shearwater calls but more nasal. This small all-dark Shearwater nests on a couple of small islets off O'ahu, such as Moku Manu, on Lehua Rock off Ni'ihau and in the NW Chain. It is more easily observed in the Main islands though from headlands such as Kilauea Point, Nawiliwili and Makahuena Point on Kaua'i, Laie Point and Kahuku Point on O'ahu. Birds have been seen regularly from the vantage point just past Hanauma Bay (heading east) where the road curves sharply and begins to descend. Usually the birds will be quite distant but occasionally birds will approach the land and even fly over, with birds doing this on several occasions at Kilauea Point, sometimes even seen flying around the lighthouse. Birds are usually seen just before dark. Pelagic trips frequently turn up this species, especially those out of Kaua'i. Spring, summer and fall are the best times to see Christmas Shearwater from the Main Islands and Winter in the NW Chain, such as Midway. |
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Indigenous NW Chain; Kaua'i; Pelagics Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal; nesting in canyons Adults are small sized and dark all over except for a broad white rump. The wings are rounded and the tail is forked. Little contrast in upperwing colors. Chicks are dark brown-black and downy. (8 inches, wingspan 17 inches) Calls: Squeaks which sound like a wet finger being rubbed on smooth glass are uttered at and over the nesting sites. The Hawaiian name is 'AKE 'AKE.
Formerly known as Harcourt's Storm Petrel in North America. |
| TRISTRAM'S
STORM-PETREL (Oceanodroma
tristrami) Indigenous NW Chain Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal Adults are small, although larger than Band-rumped Storm Petrel and are all dark, lacking a white rump. A slightly paler bar is sometimes evident on the upperwing. (10 inches, wingspan 22 inches) Calls: Two or more dove-like "coos", which become shorter nearer the end of a series of calls. This species only nests in the NW Chain (Pearl and Hermes Reef, Laysan, French Frigate Shoals, Necker, Nihoa) and is a very rare sighting away from the nesting grounds, with even pelagics nearby only producing a few sightings, however there is always the possibility of seeing this species from a pelagic near the Main Islands, and so it should always be kept in mind. Midway or fishing boats out of Midway are the most likely areas to spot this species. Fall and Winter are probably the best times to look for this species in the NW Chain. |
 WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD (Phaethon lepturus) Indigenous NW Chain; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Hawai'i; Pelagics Resident Pelagic/Coastal; Upland Forest and Lowland Forest canyons Adults of this species are all white except for dark patches on the upperwings and back, and a small black eye-stripe. The bill is yellow and the tail streamers are white and very long, and easily seen even at a distance. Immatures are similar to immature Red-tailed Tropicbirds but have a paler bill, are less heavily barred on the upperparts and have a less marked tail. Chicks are similar to Red-tails, but are rarely seen due to the inaccessible nesting sites. (23-32 inches, wingspan 35-38 inches) Calls: Harsh, rasping screams. The Hawaiian name for this species is KOA' E KEA.  This species is more widespread
than the Red-tailed and can be seen on all the Main Islands, although Kaua'i and Hawaii are the easiest places
to see them. On Kaua'i they can be easily observed at Kilauea Point NWR, where sometimes their nest holes can be seen. They are present at Kilauea Point all year , but
are most prevalent during the nesting season when up to 30 birds may be present. Outside the breeding season there
are only a few birds remain and their presence at the Point is rather erratic. White-tails often fly higher than
red-tails at Kilauea and can easily pass overhead unnoticed. Elsewhere on Kaua'i they can be present in almost
any valley, particularly good spots, especially during March to October in the nesting season, are Wailua River, particularly at the Opaekaa
Falls and Wailua Falls, Hanapepe Overlook, Waimea
Canyon and Kokee
from the Pihea Ridge trail.On O'ahu they are most easily seen, though are surprisingly scarce, along the Windward side and has been known to nest on the rocky islets in Kaneohe Bay. On the Big Island they are most frequently observed in the Kilauea Crater at Volcanoes National Park, but are also seen around other areas, particularly the South side and in the valleys of the Eastern side. On Maui the most reliable site is in Haleakala Crater. Birds are surprisingly scarce at sea and are only usually seen in very small numbers on pelagics. Also breeds in the NW Chain. |
 RED-TAILED TROPICBIRD (Phaethon
rubicauda) Indigenous NW Chain; Ni'ihau; Kauai; Oahu; Pelagics Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal Adults are all white except for a few black feathers at the base of the rear edge of the secondaries nearest the body and a dark eye patch. The tail is red and thin and can be surprisingly difficult to see at a distance. The bill is chunky and red and the feet are black. Juveniles are white with strongly black-barred upperparts and head. The bill is black early on and then changes to yellowish, orange and then red. The tail lacks streamers. Chicks are downy and off-white, and can sometimes be found on cliff ledges under vegetation. (36-42 inches, wingspan 44 inches) Calls: A loud sharp bark and a raucous throaty scream. This species Hawaiian name is KOA' E 'ULA. This species is most easily observed at Kilauea Point NWR on Kaua'i, where birds can be seen from February through September, and into October some years. The birds here indulge in their amazing circling courtship displays, where pairs or groups of birds fly around each other in an aerial acrobatic show. At Kilauea Point the birds often carry out their displays within yards of visitors, and although Spring is the peak time for the displays they can be seen right up until September. Birds are very conspicuous from February until about late July and then become a little more elusive as they spend more time at sea fishing for food for their chicks, but a visit to Kilauea will undoubtedly produce a sighting. Other places on Kaua'i where they may be seen, although not as well, include Nawiliwili, Polihale and Ha'ena Point.  On the other Main Islands birds
are less commonly seen, but can be observed off the windward coasts of O'ahu near Manana Island (where they
nest) and at the
Koko Head Crater. This species is becoming increasingly recorded from Maui, where
birds are often seen on the Eastern side of the Island. A few birds are also seen near Lana'i and Moloka'i.Pelagic trips off the Main Islands should turn up this species, especially if the trip is from Kaua'i or goes near Lehua Rock, Ni'ihau where over 100 birds have been noted in the past during nesting season. The Red-tailed Tropicbird also nests widely in the NW Chain. |
 MASKED
BOOBY (Sula dactylatra) Indigenous NW Chain; Ni'ihau; O'ahu Resident Pelagic/Coastal Adults are all white with black trailing edge to the wing and a black face mask surrounding the eye and bill. Legs are dark gray and bill is yellowy-green. Also exhibits a black tail, which is lacking in Red-footed Booby. Eye is yellow. Immatures are brown above and white below with white and brown underwings. The tail and head are brown and the species shows an obvious white collar, lacking in Brown Booby or juvenile Red-footed Booby. Chicks are downy and white or off-white. (30 inches, wingspan 60 inches) Calls: Grunts and squawks. Male has higher pitched whine to females grunt. The Hawaiian name for Masked Booby is 'A, the same as the other Booby species. It seems odd that the Hawaiians did not distinguish between the different types of Booby. The name probably comes from the noise the birds make. This the largest Booby, is a common nester in the NW Hawaiian Islands and can be seen nesting on Midway. It is far scarcer in the Main Islands however but can be seen most easily from O'ahu on Moku Manu Islet, where a few birds nest. Elsewhere their occurrences are rather sporadic but can be looked for from headlands on Eastern O'ahu. Kaua'i is regularly visited, probably by non-nesters from further NW and wandering immatures. Kilauea Point NWR is a favored locality with many sightings over the last few years, sometimes of two birds, but usually of singles - both adults and immatures have been seen, and although most birds are just passing by, it is not uncommon for birds to spend a few days resting on Mokuaeae Island just off the Point. Elsewhere on Kaua'i birds have been seen from Nawiliwili and Polihale. Pelagics off Windward Oahu and from Kaua'i to Ni'ihau are quite likely to produce this species, with a few birds sometimes nesting on Lehua Rock, Ni'ihau. Link: Hawai'i's Boobies |
 BROWN
BOOBY (Sula leucogaster)Indigenous NW Chain; Ni'ihau; Kaua'i?; O'ahu Resident Pelagic/Coastal Adults are brown with a white belly and lower breast and undertail. The bill is yellow-green. Juveniles are all brown with slightly paler underwings. The bill is similar to the adults but less colorful. Chicks are gray and downy. (28 inches, wingspan 54 inches) Calls: Grunts and screams. The Brown Booby's Hawaiian name is 'A. The name probably comes from the noise the birds make. Common nester in the NW Hawaiian Islands and commonly seen offshore from the Main Islands. On O'ahu the species nests on Moku Manu and can be encountered off the coast almost anywhere. On Kaua'i the species is most commonly seen off the South and West sides. The species is suspected, but not proven, to have nested on Mokuaeae Island off Kilauea Point ( where they are also commonly seen all year), and possibly on the Na Pali Coast. It is a common nester on Lehua Rock, Ni'ihau (up to 300 birds) and Kaula Rock as well. Birds are frequently seen from all the Main Islands and have a particular liking for resting on harbour buoys and floating light signals. This species is present all year round. Link: Hawai'i's Boobies |
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Indigenous NW Chain; Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu Resident Pelagic/Coastal Adults occur in four main color phases: 1). All white except for black wingtips and secondaries (right photo). 2). All pale brown. 3) Brown with white head and tail. 4). Brown with white tail. Birds can be encountered with mixed characters. The feet are pink, but become redder during the nesting season. The bill is powder blue with a bright pink spot at the base. The eye is dark. Juveniles (below) are brown with dark legs and bill. Attainment of adult plumage takes over 3 years. Adult brown phases show more evenly colored pale brown than juveniles, which tend to have a grayish caste to their plumage. Adults always show pale bluish bills (unlike the juveniles). Chicks are powdery gray and downy. White phase is the predominant colour form in Hawai'i. (28 inches, wingspan 40 inches) Calls: Sharp grunts and squawks. Also a low moan given when perched. The Hawaiian name for this species is 'A. The name probably comes from the noise the birds make.
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 GREAT FRIGATEBIRD (Fregata minor) Indigenous NW Chain; Ni'ihau (Non-breeding migrant and resident elsewhere) Resident Pelagic/Coastal In All plumages the species is very long-winged, with pointed wing-tips, a short barrel-chest and a long forked tail. A paler bar across the wings is often evident. Adult males (2nd picture) are all dark except for a red throat pouch which is extended and inflated during courtship display. The bill is dark and the legs are short and pink. Adult females (top picture) are all black except for a white breast and belly patch. The bill is pale. Juveniles (bottom picture) are somewhat variable but show various amounts of white on the head, neck, breast and belly. The white on juveniles can often be orangey colored, especially on the head. Chicks are dark colored. (43 inches, wingspan 90 inches) Calls: Grunts and squawks.  The Hawaiian name for this species,
'IWA, means "thief" and refers to the
species habit of stealing food from other seabirds.This impressive species is a widespread breeder in the NW Chain and can be easily observed at Midway. On Kaua'i the species is most easily seen at Kilauea Point NWR, where birds are present all year but are most common during the Spring and Summer when birds move down from the NW Chain and the Red-footed Booby colony is at peak productivity.  Most of the birds at Kilauea
are females and juveniles, but there are usually a scattering of fine males too. Although they do not nest at Kilauea
Point impressive numbers are sometimes present, eg. over 400 in Spring 2000, and it is possible that nesting will
occur in the future. Elsewhere on Kauai they are usually encountered drifting over and can be expected anywhere,
but reliable spots where birds often gather for drinking include Rock Quarry Beach,
Kilauea, Wailua River, Kaua'i Lagoons, Hanalei
NWR and River and Kalihiwai
River. Seawatching off the coast anywhere around
the Island will produce this species. On O'ahu
the species is best observed at Moku Manu on the windward side as well as Waikiki,
Kaneohe and along the North Shore. On Maui the best location is
Pauwalu Point, but birds East of O'ahu are always
quite scarce. Pelagics will usually pick up this species and a large colony nests on Lehua
Rock, Ni'ihau. Birds can be encountered at any time of the year but in the Main
Islands January thru October are the best months. |
| LESSER
FRIGATEBIRD (Fregata ariel) Indigenous NW Chain Vagrant which has bred Pelagic/Coastal All plumages: Same shape as Great Frigatebird. Adult males are all black except for very obvious and bright white patches on the axillaries. Adult females show more white on the belly than Great, but can be hard to differentiate. Juveniles similar to Great but more orangey headed and exhibit a black breast band. Chicks similar to Great Frigatebird. (38 inches, wingspan 80 inches) Calls: Similar to Great Frigatebird. Not exactly a "Hawaiian" species! Lesser Frigatebird is an extreme vagrant to Hawai'i, with very few records, but is included here because of a successful nesting attempt during 2000. Birds nested in the NW Chain and it is possible that more attempts will be made, if more attempts are made it may be that sightings of Lessers in the NW chain could increase. Sightings in the Main Islands are unlikely to increase though, even if a small population were to establish further up the Hawaiian Chain. Note: Frigatebird identification can be extremely difficult due to a wide range of age and plumage variations. Identification of all but adult males can hamper the acceptance of a record and it is important to note all features to ensure an acceptable record. |
 CATTLE
EGRET (Bubulcus ibis) *Introduced Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Pelagic; Wetland; Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland Forest; Urban All white plumage at all ages. Adults in breeding plumage show buff feathering on head and breast. Adult legs and bill yellow in breeding plumage, with duller yellow legs and bill in non-breeding plumage. Immatures as adults but legs and bill often darker or even black. Rounded wings in flight. (20 inches) Calls: Hoarse croaky "kwark". Cattle Egrets were introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in 1959. One hundred and five birds from Florida were released between July and August 1959. They were released at one site each on Kaua'i, Moloka'i and Maui, and at two sites each on O'ahu and Hawai'i. Twenty two more were released on O'ahu in July 1961 - in the interim an additional 26 birds were released on O'ahu by the Honolulu zoo. This species is widespread on Kaua'i and O'ahu and is widespread, though less so on Maui, Hawai'i and Moloka'i and Lana'i. Any location appears to hold at least a few birds, although they are usually absent from the higher areas. Large rookeries can form such as near James Campbell NWR on O'ahu, Hanalei NWR on Kaua'i, Hanapepe on Kaua'i and Kahana Pond on Maui. Unlikely to be overlooked on a visit to the Islands. It is also possible that genuine migrants have reached Hawai'i, although this is unlikely to be proven. The species colonized the Americas from Africa and birds have been recorded mid-Atlantic going in both directions and the sea-crossing to Hawai'i would not be beyond the species capability. Birds are occasionally recorded at sea between islands or coming in off the sea and they are occasionally recorded from Islands in the North West Chain. Cattle Egrets now inhabit Europe, Asia, Africa and North and South America. Seen all year-round. |
 BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON (Nycticorax nycticorax) Indigenous Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i Resident Coastal; Wetland; Urban Adults (right) are pale gray below and darker gray or black above with yellow legs and feet and all-dark bill. The crown is black and there are usually several white head plumes present. Juveniles (below) are brown with white spotting above and brown streaks below. Legs are greeny-yellow. Individuals of intermediate ages can show mixed features between adult and immature and shades of brown and gray are greatly variable. Chicks are brown-gray. (26 inches, wingspan 45 inches) Calls: Short "quok", "quark" and "aahk" calls. Sometimes chattering at nest sites.  The Hawaiians called this species 'AUKU'U or 'AUKU'U-KAHILI and is derived
from the word kahili which is a fly-brush and
refers to the white head plumes.This indigenous pantropical species is present on all the Main Islands and can be easily seen at many locations, both in the day and in the evenings/night. Locations where large numbers can be seen are Hanalei NWR on Kaua'i and James Campbell NWR and nearby Ponds on O'ahu. Sometimes hundreds of individuals can be seen at these sites. Easily seen in Hawaii. Observed all year. |
Endemic Hawai'i Endemic Resident Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland
Forest Sexes alike but males smaller than
females. Broad wings and tail in flight. The species occurs in two color phases - pale and dark. Dark-phase birds
are are dark brown above and below and light phase birds are dark above and pale creamy below. Birds with honey
colored underparts are frequently seen. The head is dark and legs are yellowish. In juveniles the head is pale. Legs greenish. (18 inches) Calls: High pitched "kee-oh". The Hawaiian name for this Hawk is 'I O and derived from the call. The `Io was a symbol of royalty in Hawaiian legend. This endemic Hawk is found only on the Big Island, although very occasionally reported from O'ahu and Maui. Fossil records indicate that this
hawk may also been established on Moloka`i and Kaua`i. It is likely that some reports on
other islands refer to either migrant Peregrines or soaring Short-eared Owls. This species is most easily seen at Volcanoes National
Park and in the valleys on the Hilo side, such as at Rainbow
Falls. Birds are also seen elsewhere on Mauna
Loa and Mauna Kea
and in forests near Hakalau and near Kona. Any
location could produce a sighting though the birds can often be elusive. Stainback
Highway, near Hilo has been quoted as being a good spot to record these birds.
Present all year-round. The earliest record of the Hawaiian Hawk was on Kaua`i by a naturalist working for Captain James Cook. This
hawk was not recorded again until the U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1840-41. Based on six months of survey, it was
concluded that the `Io occurred only on the Big Island. Historical records show that the bird lived within the
same range of elevations as today, however, there is not much historical data on population size that can be used
as a baseline to compare with current estimates. The Hawaiian Hawk was listed as an endangered species in 1967 under the Federal Endangered Species Act because
little was known about this species and raptors worldwide were experiencing significant declines. A Recovery Plan
for the `Io was published in 1984 which presented research needs for the species and criteria for evaluating recovery
of the bird. Hawaiian Hawk Photo: © Bob Michael
Back to Species List
HAWAIIAN HAWK ('IO) (Buteo solitarius)
They depend on native forest for nesting, but are able to use a broad range of habitats
for foraging, including papaya and macadamia nut orchards, as well as forests dominated by native and introduced
vegetation, from sea level to 6,500 feet elevation. This mostly solitary hawk remains in and defends its territories
year round. They nest from March through September, and usually lay only one egg. The female does the majority
of sitting during the 38 days of incubation, while the male does the majority of the hunting. After the egg is
hatched, the female only allows the male to visit when delivering food to the nest. The chick fledges at seven
or eight weeks. Fifty to seventy percent of the nests successfully fledge young. The `Io usually hunts from a stationary
position, but can also dive on prey from the air. It feeds on rodents, insects, small birds, and some game birds.
They are opportunistic predators and are versatile in their feeding habits.
In the past, some biologists have claimed that `Io numbers were reduced over previous levels; however, there were
no population studies conducted to support this assertion. A 1982 `Io study showed `Io nests in a variety of habitats,
both native and nonnative, and estimated the population between 1,400 and 2,500 hawks. Current estimates are still
within this range. Conversion of native forest to residential, large-scale agriculture, exotic forestry, and to
business and industrial areas have been and will continue to have the greatest negative impact on this species.
Hawaiian Hawks can
be seen souring over or foraging in these changed areas but they typically do not nest in them. These areas may
also be a source of high mortality, especially for young birds. Shooting, vehicle collisions; poisoning; starvation;
and predation by dogs, cats, and mongoose are documented sources of mortality. The hawk may also be negatively
impacted by nest parasites.
Link: Hawaiian Hawk
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Endemic Kaua'i; O'ahu Endemic Resident Wetland All dark in both sexes with a black or slate gray coloration. White streaks on flanks and white tail sides. Bill is waxy-looking and red with a yellow tip. Frontal shield is large and red. Eye is black. Legs vary in color with age but are greenish with varying amounts of red and yellow. Juveniles are browner with dark bills. Chicks are downy black with red bills and spots on the plumage. (13 inches) Calls: Croaks and cackles and clucks with a higher pitch than Coot and similar to other forms around the World. Male and female voices differ and can easily be separated with a little experience. The Hawaiians called this species 'ALAE 'ULA, or "bird with red-fronted shield". Important in Hawaiian culture, this species is believed to have carried fire to the Islands. This endemic endangered race of the familiar Moorhen is found on Kaua'i and O'ahu but was also formerly found on Maui, Moloka'i and the Big Island. On both Kaua'i and O'ahu it can be found in streams, ponds, rivers, ditches, lakes and canals - much the same as mainland birds. The O`ahu population is widely spread but is mostly found between Haleiwa and Waimanalo. On O'ahu it is easily seen at James Campbell NWR as well as Lotus Ponds and coastal lagoons, such as opposite "Chinaman's hat" on the NE shore. On Kaua'i, Hanalei NWR and Huleia NWR are two excellent locations to see the species, although the species can be seen at many locations on the Island. Kaua'i Lagoons, near Lihue and Smith's Tropical Paradise at Wailua have very approachable birds which make ideal photo candidates! Resident all year and easily seen in all months. The Hawaiian Moorhen is often regarded as the most secretive native waterbird. These secretive birds can be found in freshwater marshes, taro patches, irrigation ditches, reservoirs, and wet pastures. They favor dense emergent vegetation near open water, floating or barely emergent mats of vegetation, and water depths of less than 3 feet (1 meter). These birds nest year-round but the active season is usually from March through August. It is believed that the timing of nesting is related to water levels and vegetation growth. The Hawaiian Moorhen usually lays an average of 5 to 6 eggs and incubation is about 22 days. The ‘alae ‘ula eats mollusks, insects, water plants, and grasses. They are good swimmers and chicks can swim shortly after hatching. Few historical population estimates are available for the endemic Hawaiian Moorhen. It is believed that they were common on the main Hawaiian islands in the 1800s but radically declined by the mid 1900s. Surveys in the 1950s and 1960s estimated no more than 57 individuals. However, the spread of aquaculture in the 1970s and 1980s helped boost their numbers by providing more suitable habitat for these birds. Today, these moorhens can be found only on O`ahu, Kaua`i. The Kaua`i population is found in lowland wetlands and valleys. Six marked `Alae `ula were released on Moloka`i in 1983 but they have not been seen since 1985. The Hawaiian Moorhen was listed as an endangered species in 1967 under the Federal Endangered
Species Act. |
 HAWAIIAN
COOT (Fulica alai) Endemic Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Maui; Hawai'i Endemic Resident Wetland Sexes alike. All black or dark gray plumage with white undertail coverts and white bill and frontal shield. Also white trailing edge to primaries. Some adults show a large red knob on top of frontal shield with a dark band on bill. Legs are gray and lobed. Juveniles similar but browner and with dark bills. Chicks gray and downy with orangey feathers on head and neck and orangey bill. (14 inches) Calls: Short, harsh croaks and squeaks, lower pitched Moorhen. Known to the Hawaiians as 'ALAE KE'OKE'O, or "bird with white frontal shield". The top was said to have been singed when the bird tried to carry fire.  The Hawaiian Coot, now considered
a full species from the American Coot (F.americana)
is found on all the Main islands except Lana'i.
On O'ahu it can be seen on any water body of suitable
size and is easily seen at James Campbell NWR
as well as coastal ponds along the North and East Shores. On Maui, Kahana Pond and Kealia
Pond are good sites. Aimakapa Pond near Kona on the Big Island is
a favored location. On Kaua'i the species is present
on many bodies of fresh water and can even be seen next to the sea along the road to Ha'ena. Hanalei
NWR and Kaua'i Lagoons
are two locations where Coots are hard to miss. In the late 1990's a huge increase in numbers was noted at these
sites with Hanalei NWR recording almost 800 birds and Kaua'i Lagoons recording over 600! Numbers have now reduced
to a more normal level, although it is unknown what happened to these "extra" Coots. Easily seen at all
times of the year.Coots are found in fresh and brackish-water marshes and ponds. They rarely fly, but are capable of sustained flight close to the water. The Hawaiian Coot builds floating nests in aquatic vegetation, in which four to ten eggs are laid. Adults defend their nests vigorously. Chicks have black down, except on the head, neck and throat, where the down is reddish-orange. They are able to run and swim soon after hatching but maintain contact with parents by frequent calling. The Hawaiian Coot eats seeds and leaves of aquatic plants, insects, tadpoles, and small fish. Between 2,000 to 4,000 Hawaiian Coots live in all the main Hawaiian islands, except Kaho'olawe . It is believed that the population fluctuates according to climatic and hydrological conditions. Ni`ihau has the most Coots during the winter because the lakes are usually flooded. On Kaua`i, Coots are usually found in lowland valleys, while the O`ahu populations are on the coastal wetlands. Maui Nui (Maui, Moloka`i and Lana`i) has the second largest population in the state (O`ahu is first). They are found at the islands’ two largest wetlands: Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge and Kanaha Pond State Bird Sanctuary. The Big Island populations are found at Aimakapa and Opaeula Ponds on the Kona coast, and at Waiakea and Loko Waka Ponds in Hilo. The primary cause of the decline of this Hawaiian native waterbird has been loss of wetland habitat. Other factors include introduced predators and alien plants, disease, hybridization, and environmental contaminants. The Hawaiian Coot was listed as an endangered species in 1970. Link: Hawaiian Coot Link: Hawaiian Coot: Distribution and Population Status Link: Article on identification and occurrence of Hawaiian and American Coots in Hawai'i |
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Endemic Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i Endemic Resident Wetland Sexes similar. Unmistakable. White below, black-brown above with long dark bill and very long pinky legs, which extend behind bird in flight. White spot above eye. Variable amounts of black on tail tip. Male (right) exhibits larger size and darker glossy back, and sometimes larger white head spot. Female is browner backed. Juvenile (below) has brown back and duller bare parts. Chicks are pale gray with black markings. ( 16 inches) Calls: Loud and sharp "keek" repeated many times or just a few, especially given when agitated. Known as AE'O to the Hawaiians, which means "one standing tall" or to "walk on stilts".
Link: Hawaiian Stilt: Distribution and Population Status Link: Article about an unusual-plumaged Stilt in Kona in 2002 |
| LITTLE TERN (Sterna albifrons) Indigenous LEAST TERN (Sterna antillarum) Indigenous NW Chain Vagrant that has bred Pelagic/Coastal Adults of both species are pale gray above and white below with dark crowns and eye stripes and black-tipped yellow bills. Legs are short and yellow. The tail and rump in Little Tern is white but pale gray in Least Tern. Juveniles are similar to adults but have streaked crowns and variable amounts of dark feathering on the upperparts. Chicks are pale gray with black spots. Calls are a distinguishing feature too. (Least Tern 9 inches, Little Tern 10 inches) Calls: Least Tern: Double noted "ch-dic" or guttural up-slurred "rre-it". Also an Oystercatcher like squeak. Little Tern: Single nasal "chent". Also calls reminiscent of Ruddy Turnstone. For full identification details see the Annotated list of Hawai'i's non-breeding migrants. These two closely related Terns (Least from North America and Little from Eurasia) are not regular birds in Hawai'i but have been included here on the basis that both have attempted to nest and breed in the NW Chain during the late 1990's and (successfully) in 2000. Least Tern, the more common of the two species in Hawai'i is also sometimes recorded in the Main Islands during the Fall and Winter, but is by no means regular. Ornithologists await with a great deal of interest to see whether these species become regular breeders or just "one-offs". See the article on Little and Least Tern occurrence and identification. |
 GRAY-BACKED
TERN (Sterna lunata) Indigenous NW Chain; O'ahu Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal Adults are gray backed and white below. Tail is gray. Head has a black crown and nape and a black eye-stripe extending from the bill to the nape. The bill is black and dagger-shaped. The legs are dark. The white above the eye stripe extends to behind the eye. Juveniles are heavily barred gray and white above. Chicks are pale gray. (14 inches, wingspan 29 inches) Calls: High pitched screeching, although softer than Sooty tern. Also a cat-lie "mew". The Hawaiians called this species PAKALAKALA and is probably named after the small fish, which it is known to eat. This attractive Tern breeds commonly in the NW Chain (including Midway) but nests in the Main Islands only on Moku Manu off O'ahu and can be viewed from Ulupau Head, although they are usually distant. Birds can also be seen fairly regularly from headlands on the East side of O'ahu, although of course the nearer to the colony one gets the greater the chance of seeing them. Overlooks near the Diamond Head lighthouse and the Halona Blowhole have also produced sightings in the past. They are also see fairly regularly at sea and from headlands on Kaua'i, probably relating to birds moving between O'ahu and the NW Chain. Kilauea Point NWR, Nawiliwili and Makahuena Point are all good locations to look for this species, although the Sooty Tern is more regularly seen, a few Gray-backs are recorded as well. best looked for between April and October. |
 SOOTY
TERN (Sterna fuscata) Indigenous NW Chain; O'ahu Migrant nester Pelagic/Coastal Adults are white below and black above with a black tail with white sides. The head has a black crown and nape and a black eye-stripe from the bill to the rear crown. The white above the eye only reaches the eye (see Gray-backed Tern). Immatures are brownish with heavy barring above flecked with white and white undertail coverts. Chicks are gray-brown. (16 inches, wingspan 34 inches) Calls: Shrill and screeching calls given almost constantly. Also a loud "wide-a-wake" which is often given in flight even well inland. Known as 'EWA'EWA by the Hawaiians, and is presumably an imitation of the call, although it also means "make one uncomfortable" and presumably relates to the incessant noise created by flocks. Like the Gray-backed Tern this species is more common in the NW Chain and breeds there in huge numbers and can be easily seen on Midway. In the Main Islands it nests on Moku Manu and Manana Islets of O'ahu, but can often be seen from Shore almost anywhere around the Island. Birds are fairly often seen from other islands, especially Kaua'i where Kilauea Point, Ha'ena Point, Nawiliwili, Makahuena Point and Polihale are regular locations where the species can be seen. Occasionally small flocks can be seen on or over Moku'ae'ae Island at Kilauea Point, but so far no nesting attempt has been made. They are frequently encountered on pelagics, especially between Kaua'i and Ni'ihau. |
 BROWN
NODDY (Anous stolidus)Indigenous NW Chain; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Hawai'i Resident Pelagic/Coastal Adults are all-dark with long slender wings and a wedge-shaped tail. The forehead is gray-white. The longish, slender bill and legs are all dark. Juveniles are similar to adults but have less white on the head. Chicks are gray or black and downy. (16 inches, wingspan 33 inches) Calls: Low pitched guttural calls. The Hawaiian name for this species is NOIO KOHA and means large NOIO and probably descends from Kohala or large. See Black Noddy below. Also known as the Common Noddy, this species tends to nests on islands rather than cliffs (which the Black Noddy does in the Main Islands) and nests both in the NW Chain and some of the islets off Oahu and Lehua Rock off Ni'ihau. They can often be seen from headlands on both O'ahu and Kaua'i. Good sites to look for them include Kaena Point, Kahuku Point, Kaaawa and Makapuu Point on Oahu and Ha'ena Point, Kilauea Point, Nawiliwili and Polihale on Kaua'i. Spring, summer and fall are the most reliable times to see this species, particularly in the evenings from the headlands. |
 BLACK
NODDY (Anous minutus melanogenys/marcusi
) Indigenous NW Chain; Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Hawai'i Resident Pelagic/Coastal Adults similar to Brown Noddy but is smaller and has a much paler cap, which extends further down the head. In Hawai'i the species has orangey legs (black elsewhere). Juveniles are similar but have less well developed white caps. Chicks are black with a pale crown or all gray. Black Noddies appear darker and more compact in flight than Brown Noddy. (14 inches, wingspan 28 inches) Calls: Like Brown Noddy but higher pitched. Known to the Hawaiians as NOIO, which translates as "gray forehead". Also known as Lae hina, hina meaning gray in Hawaiian. This species tends to be seen in larger groups than the Brown Noddy and can be seen in the NW Chain and from the coast and on offshore islets in the Main Islands. In the Main Islands they nest on sea cliffs but in the NW Chain they also utilise trees and shrubs. On Kaua'i they nest along the Na Pali Coast and can easily be seen from Ha'ena Point and Polihale, near to where they nest. On Kalalau Beach there is often a large gathering in the evenings, but this is a full days hike in and out to the Beach. The species nests in caves on Lehua Rock, Ni'ihau and up to 200 may be present there. On O'ahu the best location to see them is in Kaneohe Bay and at the brackish ponds on the Marine Corps Air Station at Kaneohe, otherwise watching from headlands on the East side of the Island, such as Makapu'u, provides the best chance to see this species on O'ahu. On Maui they can be best observed at the Waianapanapa Caves near Hana and on the Big Island they can easily be seen in Volcanoes National Park along the coastal strip where they nest in the sea cliffs. Although present around the coasts all year the spring and summer are the best times to see them. The Main Hawaiian Islands race of Black Noddy (Anous minutus melanogenys) has bright orange-yellow legs, whereas other forms have dark legs. Of interest to Hawaiian birders observing these species in the Hawaiian Archipelago is that a few years ago the late Claudia Wilds studied all specimens of Black Noddies from Hawaii she could find (US National Museum, Bishop, etc.) and concluded that two forms are breeding residents in Hawaii: melanogenys endemic in the main islands, and marcusi in the Northwest Hawaiian Islands and other islands in the western Pacific. Wilds found clear differences in the two forms. 1-- legs of melanogenys are red-orange in life, showing as dingy yellowish in old specimens; legs are black in marcusi. 2--- tail of melanogenys is significantly lighter gray in melanogenys than in marcusi, as determined numerically by comparison with color chips from a catalog. All specimens fell clearly in two groups, with no overlap and a gap of several chip values between the two groups. 3--- marcusi has a very small white spot on the bare black skin above each eye; melanogenys lacks this. The feature was completely consistent in all specimens. 4--- Melanogenys tends to nest on rocky shoreline cliffs of high islands, while marcusi nests in bushes and trees on low sandy islands. Wilds could not find any specimens from Nihoa or Necker, so it is questionable which form occupies these miniature high islands. Alexander's 1928 seabird guide gives Anous melanogenys as a separate species found in Hawai'i. Melanogenys was described originally from a painting of a Black Noddy taken in Hilo. Storrs Olsen examined the original painting and confirmed that it depicts the form now found in the main islands. Wilds wrote a first draft of a paper on her results, but unfortunately she died without finishing it. Wilds had not decided finally whether melanogenys should be a full species, or remain a subspecies of minutus. |
 BLUE-GRAY NODDY (Procelsterna
cerulea) Indigenous NW Chain Resident Pelagic/Coastal Small sized. Adults are bluish gray and slightly paler below. They have a partial white eye-ring. The tail is forked. The bare parts are black, and the eye is particularly large-looking. The head is slightly paler than the rest of the plumage. Juveniles show black primaries. Chicks are pale gray. (10 inches, wingspan 18 inches) Calls: Usually silent but may utter a distinctive loud rolling purr. This dainty little Tern ( also sometimes called the Necker Island Tern) nests on some of the islands in the NW Chain but has a patchy distribution. Near the Main Islands it nests only on Kaula Rock, SW of Ni'ihau, but this is a long-haul pelagic trip, unless in a powerful boat. This species is not likely to be encountered often away from the nesting areas, at which they tend to remain even outside the breeding season, although there are two unconfirmed reports from the Main Islands (Kaua'i in Spring of 1998 and O'ahu in 2000). |
 WHITE TERN (Gygis
alba)Indigenous NW Chain; O'ahu Resident Pelagic/Coastal; Urban Adults are all-white with dark bare parts. The eye is large-looking due to a black eye-ring. The base of the bill is blue, but can only be seen at close range. Juvenile similar to adult. Chicks are white or tan with some brown mottling. (11 inches, wingspan 28 inches) Calls: High-pitched grunts and squabbles. The Hawaiian name for this species is MANU-O-KU. The beautiful White Tern, often called the Fairy Tern (although this is actually a different Australian species) can be easily seen in the NW Chain, such as at Midway and is also readily seen on O'ahu - mainly in Honolulu! Birds nest in Kapiolani Park, along Kapiolani Blvd. and at the Iolani Palace. It can also be seen near Koko Head and Fort De Russy on O'ahu and off the waterfront between Pearl Harbor and Diamond Head. early morning and late afternoon are the best times as the birds are often seen then returning from fishing trips. They can be seen all year round on O'ahu. Elsewhere in the Main Islands they are very rarely seen although there are several records for Kaua'i from the North Shore, Nawiliwili and Poipu. O'ahu however is the only reliable site in the Main Islands to see them. A survey during Spring 2002 located almost 500 adult birds and at least 100 nests with chicks. |
| CHESTNUT-BELLIED
SANDGROUSE (Pterocles exustus) *Introduced Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country Male is sandy brown above and below with dark feather edges on the wings and dark primaries. the belly has a large dark chestnut-black patch and the upper belly/lower breast has a black crescent across the pectoral area, although this can be hard to see. The tail is long, pointed and dark. Females are buff with very heavy dark streaking. The tail is short in females. Both sexes have pale faces, the males is unmarked sandy colored and the females is slightly streaked. In flight appears similar Pigeons or Golden Plovers. (12 inches) Calls: A two note Plover-like whistle. This elusive Asian species is found only on the Big Island and is confined to the Waimea Plains and are usually seen flying over the road, between the Saddle Road and Waimea. The area near the Waimea - Kohala Airport is reported to be a reliable site, but anywhere between South Kohala and North Kona districts could provide a sighting. Birds are seen more often in the mornings, when they fly to their regular watering holes, and if one of these could be found would be the best place to observe them. The Waimea transfer station is also a reliable site, watch for birds across the plains but be sure to park carefully. Over 80 were seen on one day in February 2001. Other good places to see this species are along the Waikoloa Stream located to the south of Kawaihae Road and between the Keamoku Lava Flow and Waikoloa Road (Waikoloa Village). Introduced from India this species can be encountered at any time of the year. |
| ROCK DOVE (Columba livia)
*Introduced Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country; Urban Sexes similar. Usually gray plumage with darker gray head and green sheen to face/head. Two black wing bars and white rump and dark tail exhibited by "classic" birds. Feral birds can be any color from white, brown and splotchy to black and lacking the wingbars or white rump. Chicks are gray, brown or black. (12 inches) Calls: Deep "coo" calls, like domestic pigeons Worldwide. The familiar Pigeon of most towns and cities almost anywhere in the World. Descendants of true Rock Doves, they are found in many sizes and colors and are easily seen in Hawai'i but as would be expected are most usually seen where there is human habitation. Most large towns in Hawaii will have at least some, and it is unlikely to go unseen. Of more interest perhaps are new sightings of birds at Kilauea Point on Kaua'i (also nearby at Hanalei NWR) where breeding occurred in 2000, these sightings are well away from the "usual" gatherings on that island. Found all year round. |
 SPOTTED
DOVE (Streptopeia chinensis) *Introduced Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Coastal; Wetland; Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland Forest; Urban Adults are brownish-colored with a pinky hue all over, but slightly paler below. The tail is darker and quite wide. On the neck there is a band of black which is covered in white spots and extends from the fore-neck right around the back of the neck. Juveniles similar but lack neck collar. (12 inches) Calls: Three or four "coo"s but lower pitched and louder than Zebra Dove. This Asian species is found on all the Main Islands and can be seen commonly from the coast right up to the high elevation forests. This is likely to be one of the first and the most frequently seen species on a trip to Hawai'i. Introduced from Asia and present all year. |
 ZEBRA
DOVE (Geopelia striata) *Introduced Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Coastal; Wetland; Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland Forest; Urban Sexes similar. Pale gray below with a pinky wash and gray above with dark barring. Barring below varies but can be restricted to the neck sides or can cover the entire underparts. The upper breast and neck are often tinged blue.Dark eye and small pale bill. (8 inches) Calls: Series of staccato "coo"s given rapidly. Also when displaying more drawn-out deeper "coo", accompanied by tail fanning and cocking. This Asian species is found on all the Main Islands this is probably the second most common bird in Hawai'i. It can be encountered in nearly all habitats, including native forests. Large groups can often be seen in city parks where they can become very tame. Also introduced from Asia and present all year. |
| MOURNING DOVE (Zenaida macroura)
*Introduced Kaua'i; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country; Urban Adults: Pale brown above and whitish below which are variably washed with pink. The tail is long and pointed and has a white tip. The wings exhibit black spots and at close range an iridescent patch may be visible on the neck. Young spotted Doves which lack the adult neck-patch of that species may sometimes be mistaken for Mourning Dove. Immatures similar but may lack black wing spots. (12 inches) Calls: Mournful series of three or four "coo"s. This North American introduction was until recently only found on the Big Island, but has recently colonized Maui and been recorded recently (1999 & 2000) on Kaua'i. On the Big Island it is only found in the South Kohala district, and the Kawaihae Harbor area was a particularly favored locality in the past but seldom used by the species now. In 2001 a bird was seen by the Waimea - Kawaihae Road and in 2002 birds were reported from the Waimea end of the Saddle Road in Cattle fields and near Pu'uanahulu off Highway 190. Birds can be elusive, particularly during dry and drought conditions, which have been the prevailing conditions in 2000 - 2002. The species also seems to have undergone a quite substantial population decline on the Big Island in recent years. Birds recently seen on Maui have been near Kahana Pond, Kahului Airport/helipad and Pukalai on the North side of the Island and on the approach to the Haleakala ascent as well as along the south coast and near Waikapu. On Kaua'i birds have been observed around Lihue Airfield and at Mahalepu, just East of Poipu, although the species on this island is considered enough of a threat to agriculture that Wildlife Services (a division of the U.S. government) is trying to eradicate the species from Kaua'i. Present all year. |
| ROSE-RINGED
PARAKEET (Psittacula krameri) *Introduced Kaua'i; O'ahu; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland Forest; Urban Adult is typical adult shape and is pale green all over. Tail is long, pointed and tinged blue. the neck on males has an obvious rose-colored ring on the hind-neck and neck sides as well as a thin black half collar. Females do not show the black ring or collar. Juveniles much as females. The bill is usually bright red in males but darker in females. (16 inches) Calls: Harsh "kea-ak". Also known as the Ring-necked Parakeet, this Asian species is most easily seen on Kaua'i and O'ahu, although also present on the Big island. On Kaua'i they are usually seen from Koloa - Waimea. Particularly likely spots are the Hanapepe Overlook and adjacent Coffee plantation, Hanapepe River Valley (near the town), "Pakalas" surf break (between Hanapepe and Waimea) and Kalaheo. Birds are usually seen just fleetingly as they fly over but sometimes a roost site or feeding area might be found and more prolonged views obtained. Birds have also recently been seen in the Koloa Mill and Poipu area. On O'ahu they may be encountered in in downtown Honolulu and O'ahu cemetery and occasionally still in Kapiolani Park and at the Arboretum at Na La'au, although these birds are erratic in occurrence nowadays, and may have moved to the cemetery. At least two dozen are resident around the Waikele area of O'ahu. The Big Island population is centered on Kona and birds might be seen anywhere in this area. Present all year. Various other Parrot species are roaming free in the Islands, and some at least, appear to be establishing viable populations, such as Red-crowned Amazons (below) and several Conure species (see below). |
 BARN OWL (Tyto
alba) *Introduced Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i Introduced Resident Coastal; Wetland; Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland Forest Adults are white below and buffy-golden buff above in the male and buffy below in the female. The species has a distinctive white heart-shaped face with dark eyes and a pale bill. Unstreaked underparts separate this species from short-eared Owl. (14 - 20 inches) Calls: Raspy hiss. Also a variety of screeches and clicks. Calls given at night or dusk. This introduced Owl is found on all the Main Islands and was originally introduced for rodent control. They can be seen in a wide variety of habitats, but are often elusive and hard to see as they hunt mostly at night. Sugar cane fields are a favored hunting ground and on Kaua'i, Kilauea Point and Hanalei NWR's have resident birds, although they hunt a far wider area than just the refuges. birds can often be seen late at night simply by driving along undisturbed highways. Barn Owls are a cosmopolitan species found in many areas of the World and was introduced to Hawai'i from North America. Present all year round. |
 SHORT-EARED OWL (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) Indigenous Ni'ihau; Kaua'i; O'ahu; Moloka'i; Lana'i; Maui; Hawai'i Resident Endemic Race Coastal; Wetland; Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland Forest Adults are buffy below with prominent streaking. Above the species is brown with buff and white feathers. The face is pale brown with yellow eyes and a dark bill. The legs and feet are seen to be feathered at close range. (13 -17 inches) Calls: A muffled bark, although often silent. Courtship calls are a series of low hoots and accompanied by wing clapping. The Hawaiians knew this species as PUEO, which means "huddled" or "crouched", an apt name for a bird which frequently sits on the ground or on a post. This indigenous race, also known as the Pueo or Hawaiian Owl occurs on all the Main Islands and is most common on Kaua'i and Maui, where they can be seen easily at Kilauea Point, Lihue airfield (Kaua'i) and Haleakala (Maui). This Owl is more regularly seen than the Barn Owl due to its crepuscular habits. They can be encountered in forests, canyons, ravines and grasslands as well as over lava flows. A resident species. Birds are occasionally recorded on Islands in the NW Chain and these may be of Asian origin. The increase in deforestation and opening of agricultural areas by the ancient Polynesians is thought to have helped the Short-eared Owl become established here, although other "forest" Owls have been found in the fossil record. Pueo are most commonly seen over pastures or fields or forest and usually seen perched on posts or on the ground, in Hawai'i however the species frequently roosts in trees. |
| MARIANA
SWIFTLET
(Aerodramus bartschi) *Introduced O'ahu Introduced Resident Open Country; Upland Forest; Lowland Forest Adults are small and all-dark with a slightly paler rump, although this is often very hard to observe. The wings are quite short and pointed and the tail is slightly forked. In flight the species glides and flaps over forest and tends to be less rapid in flight than many other Swift/Swiftlet species. (4.5 inches) Calls: High pitched chirps in flight. This endangered species was introduced to O'ahu from Guam in the Marianas and is found only in the North Halawa Valley. Unfortunately a large freeway was built through the area in the 1990s and disturbance may have an effect on the birds in the future. The actual nesting site is off-limits, but birds are seen from the new freeway (the H3) and from nearby peaks, but they very rarely wander far away and are often difficult to locate as they are either high up or very distant. Anybody wishing to see this species should try to get on the ridges overlooking the valley as this is the best chance at present for observing this species. The end of the Aiea Ridge Trail is a good place to look as birds have been seen several times over and below the trail. The Swiftlets were not present in the nesting/roosting tunnel during visits in Summer 2002 and 2003. The last time they were seen in the tunnel was during the CBC on 22nd December 2001. The swiftlets nest in the summer, but roost in the tunnel throughout the year, so their absence at any season would indicate the tunnel had been abandoned, however a few birds have still been recorded in the area in those years, and so presumably the birds have found a new nest site (unless they have abandoned nesting completely). All observations of this species are important and should be forwarded to relevent parties. Taxonomy: Previously known as Gray Swiftlet, Island Swiftlet and in most literature Guam Swiftlet. The name was changed by the AOU to Mariana Swiftlet as the species is not confined to Guam in the Mariana Islands. The very similar Uniform Swiftlet (Aerodramus vanikorensis) is found from the East Indies and Philippines to Melanesia and has at times in the past been considered conspecific with Mariana Swiftlet, although current authorities consider both to be valid species. Link: Mariana Gray Swiftlet |
On
Maui birds nest at Haleakala
NP and can be seen and heard from March until August/September. For the best places
to view or listen to the Petrels at Haleakala it is best to ask at the Visitor Center for details.
